^{22nd World Congress on} Pediatrics, Neonatology & Primary Care November 12-13, 2018 Dubai, UAE

The perinatal period is thought to be the highest risk for human death (foetal or neonatal death).Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine covers a considerably wide range of issues such as complicated pregnancy, obstetric complications, foetal diagnosis, treatment, maternal emergencies and surgical complications of pregnancy and their effects on the mother, foetus, and neonate. In particular, the complicated pregnancy has a connection with drug use. Maternal and foetal medicine goal is to benefit mothers and their babies with the critical support to deliver a healthy baby through advancing research in clinical care and discovery.

Improving maternal nutrition is important as it enhances healthy outcomes for both babies and mothers. Adequate nutrition is integral in improving maternal, neonatal, child health, survival and child development. Prenatal care and provision of free supplements will largely improve maternal nutrition and it leads to reduce the high burden of maternal and child undernutrition and mortality. Furthermore, maternal nutrition is necessary to know about different facets of behavior changes and is likely needed to achieve desired health outcomes. Particularly improving knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceptions of social norms thereby reducing the high burden of malnutrition and saving the lives of mothers and children.

Many factors are responsible for the development of neonatal diseases like household air pollution, environmental factors and high maternal body-mass index which leads to neonatal mortality. Maternal Smoking and being overweight during pregnancy are associated with risk of infection. Neonates, especially preterm infants are relatively immune compromised because of the immaturity of the immune system and highly developed antibodies which leads to increased susceptibility to serious bacterial, fungal and viral infections.

Vaccines are an important way to protect baby from life-threatening diseases because their  immune system is not fully developed at birth, which puts newborns at greater risk for infections.Vaccines are the safest and most effective preventive measures to protect infants from diseases which makes the child immunized. This boosts the immune system to develop weapons called antibodies. Knowledge about the safe and effective drug therapy in neonates has increased substantially.Several research and analytical techniques have been developed .Determining the right dose for drugs doses have significant differences in physiology affecting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism because it is largely affected by the maturation process of organ system in neonates. Overdosing can result in adverse effects. Safe and effective administration of medicines is necessary in neonates.

Neonatal Intensive care specializes in the care of ill of premature or new born infants. New born babies who need intensive medical attention like having medical complications or babies who have been born prematurely or birth defects and infections are admitted into a special area of the hospital called the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Babies who are born preterm also have low birth weights. Recent progress in neonatal care has significantly improved the prognosis and chances of survival of critically ill or extremely preterm neonates and have modified the limits of viability. 

A pediatric gastroenterologist is an expertise to treat child specifically in the care of infants, neonates, and teens. Gastroenterologists deals with diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and biliary system. A gastroenterologist manages diseases of the digestive system, nutritional problems from the Esophagus to the anus and it include Gallbladder diseases.

Pediatric Neurology also called Child Neurology deals disorders of Central Nervous System, peripheral nerve and muscle affecting infants, children and adolescents. Problems are seizures, delayed speech, weakness or headaches. Child neurologists have the special expertise in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system (CNS, PNS) with an understanding of medical disorders in childhood and the special needs of the child.

Children response to injuries, infections, and deformities may be quite different than what would be seen in a full-grown person. Some of the problems children have with their bones and joints that are due to growth do not even occur in adults and the evaluation and treatment of a child are usually quite different than for an adult even for the same problem. Pediatric medical-surgical orthopaedic surgeons diagnose, treat and manage children's musculoskeletal problems involving the growing bones, joints or muscles in children from newborns to teenagers.

The renal system plays a tremendous role in the growth and development of infants and children. The kidney itself also undergoes a maturation process as it transitions from the fetal to the extrauterine environment. Renal functions undergo continuous adaptive changes in the neonatal period. Preterm neonates are especially vulnerable due to immature of kidneys. Birth rapidly changes the demands placed on the kidneys with respect to infant homeostasis. The confounding effects of treatment on the development of renal function in very low birth weight infants are also becoming more apparent.

Pediatric cardiologists specialize in treating congenital or acquired heart conditions in children and infants. Evaluation and treatment may begin with the fetus since heart problems can even be detected before birth. Cardiac catheterization is done in order to diagnose or treat the child's heart problem. Patients often present with complex diagnostic and medical problems seek the assessment of the pediatric cardiologist. They treat children’s illnesses using the least invasive methods as possible. Basic responsibilities for a doctor of pediatric cardiology include conducting physical exams, echocardiography, and electrocardiograms on children. They work with other doctors and nurses in diagnosing heart and blood vessel irregularities and plan the proper course of treatment. Pediatric Cardiology is often the cornerstone of large academic medical Centers and there are many divisions of high volume and high intensity.

Pediatric cancer is cancer in a child.  Child cancer is due to gene defects (called mutations) inherited from a parent. Survival rate for children's cancer has increased but for many more rare childhood cancers, the survival rate is much less, the mortality rate was slightly more. A few environmental factors, such as radiation exposure is also responsible for some types of childhood cancers.

Injuries whether unintentional, self-inflicted injury or perpetuated by others are a leading cause of mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs to children and adolescents. Recent studies indicate that youth are more likely to experience an unnatural death than expected rates in their age group due to many demographic and psychiatric characteristics. Self-harm behaviour is increasing.

Perinatal brain damage in newborn usually occurs by acute reduction of the umbilical circulation. The areas most heavily affected are the parasagittal region of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia Minor damage may have no noticeable effects, but severe damage can have wide range symptoms. Depending on the nature of the damage the effects may range from negligible to life-threatening.

Infant development begins at birth. The child's nutrient needs correspond with these changes in growth rates. Nutrition is important before and during pregnancy and is most influential non-genetic factors in fetal development. The child will grow at a steady pace; final growth spurt begins at the start of puberty. Growth Refers to an increase in some quantity over time. The quantity can be a gradual development in maturity, age, size, weight or height. Whereas Child development relates to the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in between birth and the end of adolescence. Growth and development have a very complex interaction.

Disorders associated with metabolic syndrome have symptoms like diabetes including increased thirst and urination, fatigue and blurred vision. There are hundreds of different genetic metabolic disorders caused by the defective gene that results in an enzyme deficiency and their symptoms treatments and prognoses vary widely. When a baby has a metabolic disorder the body can’t break down the food correctly which can cause the body to have an improper balance of amino acids, phenylalanine, blood sugar etc.

Nutrition is the intake of food according to the body’s dietary needs. Good nutrition means getting the right amount of nutrients in the right combinations. Having nutrition knowledge will help you to achieve good health over your lifetime. Poor nutrition can lead to increased susceptibility to disease. Nutrition & Metabolism extends to a wide range of applications including nutritional needs, clinical and population studies as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Neonatal lupus is rare autoimmune disorder disease that is present at birth (congenital) which can be a severe and life-threatening disease. Neonatal lupus occurs when the maternal auto antibodies of Ro/La family are passed to her child in utero. These auto antibodies can cause a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells ,platelets and a characteristic red rash or skin eruption, fever, congenital heart block .In addition infants with neonatal lupus may develop liver disease, a heart condition known as congenital heart , fatigue, loss of appetite and weight loss.